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Version ๐ .1
The Core elements of a sentence are the Main Carriage and Engine elements.
Initial carriage were introduced here as it sets the initial mood of the sentence which makes you sound more natural and not so boring. It also links up to the previous sentence or statement.
โ ใInitial Carriage
Provides initial or introductory information about the sentence
Includes the initial conjunctions, adverbial expressions, initial dependent clauses, etcโกใMain Carriage
Describes the subject of the sentence
Provides supplementary details about the engine on what action it does or the current state it is in
Includes the subject, object, modifiers, adverbs, etcโขใEngine
The driving force of the sentence
It does tell the kind of sentence on whether it is a nominal, adjectival, or verbal sentence
Includes either a verb, an adjective, a noun or noun phrase plus copula, auxiliaries, particles, etcA verb is a word that expresses the physical or mental activities carried out by the subject of a sentence.
GodanConsonant-Stem
In the dictionary form, Godan verbs may end with u,tsu,ru,mu,bu,nu,ku,gu,su.
ใป่ฒทใใปๅพ
ใคใป็ฅใใป่ชญใใป้ใถใปๆญปใฌใปๆธใใปๆณณใใป่ฉฑใ
ใปbuyใปwaitใปknowใปreadใปplayใปdieใปwriteใปswimใปtalkIchidanVowel-Stem
In the dictionary form, Ichidan verbs all ends with either eru or iru.
(โ) eru
ใปใใใใปๅบใใปๆดใใใป้ฃในใ
ใปto raiseใปto leaveใปto clear upใปto eat(โ) iru
ใปใใใป่ฆใใป่ฝใกใใปใใ
ใปto wearใปto seeใปto fallใปbe locatedIrregular
There are only 2 irregular verbs in Japanese: suru(do), kuru(come).
ใปๆฅใใปๅๅผทใใใป้ป่ฉฑใใ
ใปto comeใปto studyใปto callTransitiveAction
Transitive verbs are verbs that take a direct object. They express what an agent does.
ใป็งใฏใใๆฌใๅใใพใ
ใป็ถใฏๆฐใใ่ปใ่ฒทใฃใ ใปI often borrow books
ใปMy father bought a new carIntransitiveDescriptive
Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object.
They express events, movements or the spontaneous changes undergone by the subject.
ใปๆจๆฅใใๆฐๅญฆๆใๅงใพใใพใใ
ใปๅฐ้ขจใงๆจใๅใใใปThe new semester started yesterday
ใปTrees fell because of the typhoonStative verbs
Describes the state of a person, animal or thing.
ใปใใใปใใใปใใใปใงใใใป้ฃฒใใ
ใปneedใปto exist/have (animate things)ใปto exist/have (inanimate things)ใปcan doใปcan drink (all potential verbs) ใปๅ
ฌๅใซใใฉใณใณใใใใพใ
ใป็งใฏๅฆนใใใพใ ใปThere are swings in the park
ใปI have a younger sisterActiveใปDurativeใปContinual verbs
Expresses actions that a person, animal, organization, etc. performs. I takes some time or duration to complete the action.
ใป้ฃในใใป้ฃฒใใปๆญฉใใป่ตฐใใป่ธใ
ใปๆญใใปๆณณใใปใพใคใป่ฉฑใใป่ใ
ใป่ชญใใปๆธใใป่ฆใใปๆณฃใใปๆใใ
ใป่ฆใใใปไฝฟใใปไฝใใป็ฌใใปไผใ
ใป้ฃใถใป่ใใใปไผใใปไฝใใปๅๅผทใใใปeatใปdrinkใปwalkใปrunใปdance
ใปsingใปswimใปwaitใปtalkใปhear
ใปreadใปwriteใปseeใปcryใปteach
ใปshowใปuseใปmakeใปlaughใปrest
ใปflyใปthinkใปmeetใปliveใปstudyใป็งใฏๆฉใ้ฃฏใ้ฃในใพใใ
ใป็ฌใๅ ใใพใใ ใปI ate dinner
ใปA dog barkedStative-Active verbs
Can be either a stative or active verb.
ใป่ฆใใใป่ใใใใปๅใใใป้ใใปไผผๅใ
ใปbe visibleใปbe audibleใปunderstandใปdifferใปbe suitablePunctualใปMomentary verbs
Are events that takes place in a moment.
(1) Transition from one state to another
(2) Start of action or motion from static state
(3) Arrival of completion
ใป็ฅใใปๆญปใฌใปๅ
ฅใใปๅบใใปๅฒใใป็ฉบใใป้ใใป้ใใใปๅฃใใ
ใปๆฃใใป็ซใคใป่ฝใกใใปๅใใใป่กใใปๆฅใใปๅงใพใใปไปใ
ใป็ใใปๅฑใใป่งฆใใใปๆญขใใใป็ตใใใปๅบงใใปๆใคใป่ทณใถใปๅฏใ
ใปๅฐใใปไนใใปไธใใใปใใใใป็ฒใใใป่ตทใใใป็ตๅฉใใ
ใปๅธฐใใป่จใใปๅฟใใใป่ฒธใใปๅใใใป่ฆใใใปใชใใปใใใปๅใใปto realizeใปto dieใปto enterใปto goutใปto bloomใปto be vacantใปto openใปto closeใปto break apart
ใปto fall/scatterใปto stand upใปto fall (from height)ใปto fall over ใปto goใปto comeใปto beginใปto attach
ใปto arriveใปto reachใปto touchใปto stopใปto endใปto sitใปto hitใปto jumpใปto go to bed
ใปto get in troubleใปto get onใปto giveใปto receiveใปto get tiredใปto wake upใปto marry
ใปto go homeใปto sayใปto forgetใปto lendใปto borrowใปto rememberใปto becomeใปto kickใปto matchNon-Volitional verbs The outcome of the action is not controlled by the subject in any case.
In onset, development and outcome are out of the subjectยดs control.
Usually does not take the volitional form, the imperative and potential form.
(1) Emotive
(2) Non-Emotive
ใปๅใถใปๆฒใใใปๆใใปๅซใใปๅฅฝใใปๅฐใใป่ฆใใ
ใปใงใใใปใใใป็ฅใใป่ฆใใใป่ใใใใปๅใใใป้ใใปไผผๅใใป็ฒใใใปbe pleasedใปbe sadใปbe angryใปhateใปlikeใปtroubleใปsuffer
ใปcan doใปneedใปto knowใปbe visibleใปbe audibleใปunderstandใปdifferใปsuitableใปget tiredReciprocal verbs
Takes the particle โtoโ for the direct object.
ใป็ตๅฉใใใปๅงๅฉใใใปไผใใปๅใใปๆใคใใใป็ธ่ซใใ
ใปmarryใปfightใปmeetใปmatchใปbump intoใปconsultใป่ฆชๅใจ็ตๅฉใใ
ใป้ง
ๅใงๅ้ใจๅพ
ใกๅใใใใปI'm marrying my best friend
ใปIโll meet my friends in front of the stationMovement verbs
Use particle ni to indicate the destination of the movement.
Use particle e to indicate the direction of the movement.
Can take Vmasu ni to express purpose.
ใป่กใใปๆฅใใปๅธฐใใปๅ
ฅใใปๅบใใป็ซใกๅฏใ
ใปgoใปcomeใปreturnใปenterใปget outใปstop byใปๆฅๆฌใซ่กใใพใ
ใป้ๅฝใธ่กใใพใ
ใปๆฅๆฌใซๅๅผทใซ่กใใพใ
ใปใ้ฃฏใ้ฃในใซๅธฐใใพใใใ
ใปๆฅๆฌใธ่ฑ่ชใๆใใซๆฅใพใใปI'm going to Japan
ใปI'm going to Korea
ใปI'm going to Japan to study
ใปLet's go home for dinner
ใปI'm coming to Japan to teach EnglishActive-Punctual
Can be either be a active or punctual verb.
ใป็ใใปๅใใปๅคใใใปๆณจๆใใ
ใปwearใปtakeใปchangeใปorderVte + iru
Continuous-StateใปExisting-ConditionResultative
Describes the current state or condition of the subject due to consequence of past occurrence.
ใปใใๅคฉๆฐใงใใ็ฉบใๆดใใฆใใพใ
ใปๅฆนใฏ็ตๅฉใใฆใใพใ
ใปใๅบใ้ใใฆใใพใ
ใปใใขใใใพใฃใฆใใฆๅ
ฅใใชใ
ใปๆฐดๆงฝใฎ้ญใๆญปใใงใใใปIt's a beautiful day. The sky is clear
ใปMy sister is married
ใปThe shop is open!
ใปThe door is locked and I can't get in
ใปThe fish in the tank is deadContinuous-ActionProgressive
Describes the progressive action that is taking place.
ใปๅผใฏไปๅๅผทใใใฆใใพใ
ใป็งใฏไป็ตตใๆใใฆใใพใ
ใปๆจๆฅ9ๆใใใใผใง้
ใ้ฃฒใใงใใพใใ
ใปใใใๆฌใ่ชญใใงใใ
ใปๆฏใฏไปๅฐๆใง้ฃไบใฎไปๅบฆใใใฆใใพใ
ใป็ถใฏ่ฒฟๆไผ็คพใซๅคใใฆใใพใ ใปMy brother is studying now.
ใปI'm painting now
ใปI was in a bar drinking yesterday around nine o'clock
ใปKei is reading a book
ใปMy mother is in the kitchen preparing a meal
ใปMy father works for a trading companyHabitualใปRoutineRepititive
Describes a habitual or repeated action.
ใปใใฎๅบใงใฏๆฐใใ้่ใๅฃฒใฃใฆใใพใ
ใปๅผใฏไธญๅญฆใซ่กใฃใฆใใพใ
ใปใๅฎ
ใงใฏใฉใใชๆฐ่ใ่ชญใใงใใพใใ
ใปๅฅๅบทใฎใใใซๆฏๆฅไธๆ้ใใใๆญฉใใฆใใพใใปThat vegetable store sells fresh vegetables
ใปMy younger brother attends junior high school
ใปWhich newspaper do you read?
ใปI walk for about an hour every day to keep fitVte + aru
Existing-ConditionResultative
Describes the current condition of the subject due to consequence of past occurrence. Transitive verbs are being used in this case. Indicates that the past occurrence was done by someone and not by you.
ใปๆธใ้ใใฆใใ
ใปใใผใซใฏใใๅทใใใฆใใใพใใ
ใปๅฃใซใซใฌใณใใผใใใใฆใใใพใใ
ใปๅท่ตๅบซใซๆผใใฏใใฏ็จๆใใฆใใใใใใใณใใฆ้ฃในใฆใญใปThe door has been opened (by someone)
ใปThe beer is already chilled
ใปThe calendar has been changed on the wall
ใปThe lunch have been prepared in the fridge, so just chill and eatEndings are added to the end of verbs to create special forms which gives more a specific meaning or function.
Forms
(โ) Vnai-Form (Negative Non Past Casual)
ใป่ฒทใใใโขใ่ฒทใใชใ
ใป้ฃในใใโขใ้ฃในใชใ
ใป่ฆใใใโขใ่ฆใชใ
ใปๆฅใใใโขใๆฅใชใ
ใปใใใใโขใใใชใ
(โ) Vnakatta-Form (Negative Past Casual)
ใป่ฒทใใใโขใ่ฒทใใชใใฃใ
ใป้ฃในใใโขใ้ฃในใชใใฃใ
ใป่ฆใใใโขใ่ฆใชใใฃใ
ใปๆฅใใใโขใๆฅใชใใฃใ
ใปใใใใโขใใใชใใฃใ
(โ) Vmasu-Form (Non Past Polite)
ใป่ฒทใใใโขใ่ฒทใใพใ
ใป้ฃในใใโขใ้ฃในใพใ
ใป่ฆใใใโขใ่ฆใพใ
ใปๆฅใใใโขใใใพใ
ใปใใใใโขใใใพใ
(โ) Vmasen-Form (Negative Non Past Polite)
ใป่ฒทใใใโขใ่ฒทใใพใใ
ใป้ฃในใใโขใ้ฃในใพใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโขใ่ฆใพใใ
ใปๆฅใใใโขใใใพใใ
ใปใใใใโขใใใพใใ
(โ) Vmashita-Form (Past Polite)
ใป่ฒทใใใโขใ่ฒทใใพใใ
ใป้ฃในใใโขใ้ฃในใพใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโขใ่ฆใพใใ
ใปๆฅใใใโขใใใพใใ
ใปใใใใโขใใใพใใ
(โ) Vmasen-Form (Negative Non Past Polite)
ใป่ฒทใใใโขใ่ฒทใใพใใใงใใ
ใป้ฃในใใโขใ้ฃในใพใใใงใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโขใ่ฆใพใใใงใใ
ใปๆฅใใใโขใใใพใใใงใใ
ใปใใใใโขใใใพใใใงใใ
(โ) Vdict-Form (Dictionary Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโขใ่ฒทใ
ใป้ฃในใใโขใ้ฃในใ
ใป่ฆใใใโขใ่ฆใ
ใปๆฅใใใโขใๆฅใ
ใปใใใใโขใใใ
(โ) Vte-Form (Te Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใฃใฆ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใฃใฆ
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใฃใฆ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใใฆ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใใง
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใใฆ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใใง
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใใง
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใใง
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใฆ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใฆ
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใฆ
ใปใใใใโข ใใฆ
(โ) Vta-Form (Ta Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใฃใ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใฃใ
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใฃใ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใใ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใใ
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใใ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใใ
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใใ
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใใ
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใ
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใNegative-Stem
(โ) Godan Verb (Negative Stem)
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Negative Stem)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃใน
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆ
(โ) Irregular Verb (Negative Stem)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ใ
ใปใใใใโข ใForms
(โ) Vnai-Form (Negative Non Past) โญ Vn + nai
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใชใ
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใชใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใชใ
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใชใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใชใ
(โ) Vnakatta-Form (Negative Past) โญ Vn + nakatta
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใชใใฃใ
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใชใใฃใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใชใใฃใ
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใชใใฃใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใชใใฃใ
(โ) More Endings/Forms
Passive-Form
(โ) Godan Verb (PassiveใปReceptive Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใใ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใใใ
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใใใ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใใใ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใใใ
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใใใ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใชใใ
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใพใใ
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใฐใใ
(โ) Ichidan Verb (PassiveใปReceptive Form)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใใใ
(โ) Irregular Verb (PassiveใปReceptive Form)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใใCausative-Form
(โ) Godan Verb (Causative Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใใ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใใใ
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใใใ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใใใ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใใใ
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใใใ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใชใใ
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใพใใ
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใฐใใ
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Causative Form)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใใใ
(โ) Irregular Verb (Causative Form)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใใCausative-Passive-Form
(โ) Godan Verb (Causative Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใใใใ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใใใใใ
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใใใใใ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใใใใใ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใใใใใ
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใใใใใ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใชใใใใ
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใพใใใใ
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใฐใใใใ
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Causative Form)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใใใใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใใใใใ
(โ) Irregular Verb (Causative Form)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใใใใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใใใใNoun-Stem
(โ) Godan Verb (Noun Stem)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใก
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใ
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใซ
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใฟ
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใณ
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Noun Stem)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃใน
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆ
(โ) Irregular Verb (Noun Stem)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ใ
ใปใใใใโข ใForms
(โ) Vnagara-Form (Non Past) โญ Vnn + nagara
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใชใใ
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใชใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใชใใ
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใชใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใชใใ
(โ) Vnikui-Form (Negative Non Past) โญ Vnn + nikui
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใซใใ
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใซใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใซใใ
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใซใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใซใใ
(โ) Vsugiru-Form (Negative Non Past) โญ Vnn + sugiru
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใใใ
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใใใ
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใใใ
(โ) Vta-Form (Negative Non Past) โญ Vnn + tai
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใใ
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใใ
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใใ
(โ) More Endings/Forms
Masu-Form
(โ) Godan Verb (Masu Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใพใ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใกใพใ
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใใพใ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใใพใ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใใพใ
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใใพใ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใซใพใ
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใฟใพใ
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใณใพใ
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Masu Form)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใพใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใพใ
(โ) Irregular Verb (Masu Form)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใพใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใพใForms
(โ) Vmashita-Form (Past) โญ Vnn + mashita
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใพใใ
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใพใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใพใใ
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใพใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใพใใ
(โ) Vnakatta-Form (Negative) โญ Vnn + masen
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใพใใ
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใพใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใพใใ
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใพใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใพใใ
(โ) Vnakatta-Form (Negative Past) โญ Vnn + masen deshita
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใพใใใงใใ
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใพใใใงใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใพใใใงใใ
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใพใใใงใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใพใใใงใใDictionary-Form
(โ) Godan Verb (Dictionary Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใค
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใ
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใฌ
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใ
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใถ
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Dictionary Form)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใ
(โ) Irregular Verb (Dictionary Form)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใ
(โ) More Endings/Forms
Command-Stem
(โ) Godan Verb (Command Stem)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใฆ
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใ
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใญ
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใ
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใน
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Command Stem)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใ
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Command Stem)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใPotential-Form
(โ) Godan Verb (Volitional Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใฆใ
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใใ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใใ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใใ
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใใ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใญใ
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใใ
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ในใ
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Volitional Form)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใใใ
(โ) Irregular Verb (Volitional Form)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใงใใVolitional-Form
(โ) Godan Verb (Volitional Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใใ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใใ
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใใ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใใ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใใ
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใใ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใฎใ
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใใ
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใผใ
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Volitional Form)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใใ
(โ) Irregular Verb (Volitional Form)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใใTe-Form
(โ) Godan Verb (Te Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใฃใฆ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใฃใฆ
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใฃใฆ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใใฆ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใใง
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใใฆ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใใง
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใใง
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใใง
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Te Form)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใฆ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใฆ
(โ) Irregular Verb (Te Form)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใฆ
ใปใใใใโข ใใฆTa-Form
(โ) Godan Verb (Ta Form)
ใป่ฒทใใใโข ่ฒทใฃใ
ใปๅพ
ใคใใโข ๅพ
ใฃใ
ใป็ฅใใใโข ็ฅใฃใ
ใปๆธใใใโข ๆธใใ
ใปๆณณใใใโข ๆณณใใ
ใป่ฉฑใใใโข ่ฉฑใใ
ใปๆญปใฌใใโข ๆญปใใ
ใป่ชญใใใโข ่ชญใใ
ใป้ใถใใโข ้ใใ
(โ) Ichidan Verb (Ta Form)
ใป้ฃในใใโข ้ฃในใ
ใป่ฆใใใโข ่ฆใ
(โ) Irregular Verb (Ta Form)
ใปๆฅใใใโข ๆฅใ
ใปใใใใโข ใใConditional-Form
โ ใtoifใปwhen
โญใVdict + to
ใปใพใฃใใ่กใใจๅญฆๆ กใใใใพใ
ใปๆ่ตทใใใจ้กใๆดใใพใ
ใปๅฌใซใชใใจๅฏใใชใใพใใปIf you go straight, you will find a school
ใปWhen I wake up in the morning, I wash my face
ใปWhen winter comes, It gets cold(โ๏ธ) It cannot be used if it includes speakers intention, judgment, permission, opinion, request and etc.
โกใtaraifใปwhen
โญใVta + ra
ใปใพใฃใใ่กใฃใใๅญฆๆ กใใใใพใ
ใปๆๆฅ้จใ้ใฃใใๅฎถใซใใพใ
ใปๆใ ใฃใใๅฑฑใธ่กใใใใงใ
ใปไฝใ่ฒทใฃใใใใใงใใ
ใปใใใฃใใ้ฃในใฆใฟใฆใใ ใใ
ใปใณใผใใผใซใใใใฉใใปIf you go straight, there is a school
ใปIf it rains tomorrow, I'll stay home
ใปWhen I'm free, I want to go to the mountains
ใปWhat should I buy?
ใปYou can try it if you want
ใปHow about a cup of coffee?(โ๏ธ) It cannot be used if it is not chronological order
โขใbaifใปwhen
โญใVcmd-stem + ba
ใปใพใฃใใ่กใใฐๅญฆๆ กใใใใพใ
ใปๅฌใซใชใใฐๅฏใใชใใพใ
ใปใใฃใจๅๅผทใใใฐๆฅๆฌ่ชใไธๆใชใใพใ
ใปใใฃใจๅๅผทใใใฐใใใฃใ
ใปใฉใใใฃใฆๆณจๆใใใฐใใใงใใ
ใปใใค็ณใ่พผใใฐใใใงใใ
ใป่ชฐใซ่ใใฐใใใงใใ
ใปใใใๆใใฐใใใงใใ
ใปไฝๆใซๆฅใใฐใใใงใใ
ใปๆฐๅฎฟใธใฉใ่กใใฐใใใงใใใปIf you go straight, there is a school
ใปWhen winter comes, it gets cold
ใปIf I study more, my Japanese will improve
ใปI should have studied harder
ใปHow do I place an order?
ใปWhen do I need to apply?
ใปWho should I ask?
ใปHow much do I have to pay?
ใปWhat time should I come?
ใปHow can I get to Shinjuku?(โ๏ธ) It cannot be used if S2 includes something negative (S2 is usually a positive outcome)
โฃใnara
โญใVdict + naraifใปif it is the case
ใป้ ญใ็ใใชใๅฏใๆนใใใใงใ
ใปใ้
ใ้ฃฒใใชใ้่ปขใใพใใ
ใป็ฐไธญใใใ่กใใชใ็งใ่กใใพใ
ใปใณใณใใใซ่กใใชใใใใค่ฒทใฃใฆใใใพใใใใปIf your head hurts, you'd better get some sleep
ใปI don't drive if I'm going to drink
ใปIf Mr. Tanaka is going, I'm going too
ใปIf you're going to the convenience store, could you please buy me a snack?(โ๏ธ) It cannot be used if the results mere fact which occurs naturally
A compound verb is a verb that consists of two verbs creating a specific meaning.
Forms: (G1) Vmasu + V, (G2) Vte + V, (G3) prefix + V, (G4) V(regarded as one word)
komuinใปintoใปdeeply
โญใVmasu + komu
(โ) Creates an inward direction or
(โ) An action takes place deep in something or someone
ใป็ฅใใชใ็ทใ้จๅฑใซๅ
ฅใ่พผใใงใใ
ใปๆจๆฅใฏ้ขจ้ชใงๅฏ่พผใใงใใพใฃใ
ใปๅฝผใฏ่ฝใจใ็ฉดใซ่ฝใก่พผใใ
ใปๅฝผใฏใใผใซใซ้ฃใณ่พผใใ
ใปๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆดๆฟฏ็ฉใๅฎถใฎไธญใซๅใ่พผใใ
ใปๅฝผใใฏใณใณใฏใชใผใใๅใซๆตใ่พผใใ
ใป้ช่งฃใๆฐดใๅฑฑใใๅทใซๆตใ่พผใใ
ใป้
ใใฆใใไนๅฎขใๆฉๅ
ใซ่ตฐใ่พผใใงๆฅใ
ใปใฎใฟใผใฏๅผพใ่พผใใฐๅผพใ่พผใใปใฉ่ฏใ้ณใซใชใ
ใป้ป่ปใฎไธญใงๅ้ใจ่ฉฑใ่พผใใงใ้ง
ใไนใ้ใใใฆใใพใฃใ
ใปใฏใใฏไบบใๅทใฎไธญใซๅผใใใ่พผใใ
ใป็ชใ้ใใฆใใใฎใงใ้จใ้ใ่พผใใ
ใปๅฝผใฏใ่ชๅใฎ้ดใ็ฃจใ่พผใใงใใใซใใซใซใใ
ใป็งใฏใใใฅใขใซใไฝๅบฆใ่ชญใฟ่พผใใ
ใปใชใชใณใใใฏใๅใซใ้ธๆใใกใฏๆณณใ่พผใใ ใปA stranger came into the room
ใปYesterday I was completly put into sleep due to colds
ใปHe fell into the hole
ใปHe jumped into the pool
ใปShe brought her laundry back into the house
ใปThey poured the concrete into the mold
ใปThe newly-melted slush flowed into the river from the mountain
ใปA delayed passenger came running into the cabin
ใปA guitar's sound gets better the more you play it
ใปI was talking with my friends on the train and missed the station
ใปThe crocodile dragged the man into the river
ใปThe window was open, and the rain poured in
ใปHe polished his shoes, making them shine
ใปI read the manual over and over
ใปThe swimmers drilled themselves in swimming ahead of the Olympicsagerudoing something for someoneใปcompletionใปraising upใปgoing up
โญใVte + ageru doing something for someone
(โ) Someone gives an action as a favor to someone not within the group
(โ) The status of giver and receiver is about equal
ใป้ดใใฏใใใฆใใใใ
ใป็งใฏใชใใฟใใใซ่ฑ่ชใๆใใฆใใใ
ใป็ฐไธญใใใฏในใในใใใซๆฌใ่ฒธใใฆใใใใปLet me help you get your shoes on
ใปI taught Naomi some English
ใปMr. Tanaka lent Mr. Smith a book
โญใVmasu + agerucompletion
(โ) Indicates completion
ใป่ซๆใใใไธใใใใ้ฃ็ตกใใพใ
ใป็งใฏใใใใใฎๆดๆฟฏ็ฉใๆดใไธใใ
ใปๆ็ไบบใฏ้่ใ็ใไธใใใปI'll let you know when I've finished my paper
ใปI washed up a lot of laundry
ใปThe cook finished stir-frying the vegetables
โญใVmasu + ageruraising upใปgoing up
(โ) Indicates something raising up or going up
ใปๆถ่ฒปใฎๆกๅคงใฏ็ตๆธๆ้ทใไธๆนๅใซๆผใไธใใ
ใป็ทใฏใ่ฟใใซใใฃใๅคงใใชๅฒฉใๆฑใไธใใๆใ้ฃใฐใใ
ใปๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅคงใใช้ญใ้ฃใไธใใใปAn increase in consumption will push economic growth upward
ใปThe man lifted up a nearby boulder and hurled it
ใปShe reeled in a big fishaudo something togetherใปdo something to each other
โญใVmasu + au
(โ) To do something mutually together
ใปๅใณๅใฃใฆใใใไบบใ็ฃ่ฆใฟใใฃใฆใใใไบบใๆฌๅฝใฎๅ้ใ
ใปไบไบบใฏๅฐใใชใใจใง่จใๅใฃใฆใใ
ใปใใฎๅฎถๅบญใงใฏไธก่ฆชใจๅญไพใใใ่ฉฑใๅใ
ใปๅใใกใฏใ้ใๅบใๅใฃใฆใใขใใผใใๅใใฆใใ
ใป็ทๅฅณใๅ
ฌๅใฎ ใใณใใงๆฑใๅใฃใฆใใ
ใปๅฃๅฃซใฏไบใใซๆใกๅใฃใ
ใปๅญไพใใกใฏๆผใๅใฃใ
ใปๅฝผใฏๅบๅกใซๅคๅผใใๆใๅใฃใ
ใป็งใฏใใฅใผใจใผใฏใงๅฝผใจ็ฅใๅใฃใ
ใปๅฝผใใฏๅ้ใจๆใๅใๅใฃใฆๅใใ
ใปไบไบบใฏๅใใๅใฃใฆๅบงใฃใ
ใป็งใฎๅฎถใฏๅ้ใฎๅฎถใจๅใใๅใฃใฆๅปบใฃใฆใใ
ใป็งใฏๆใฎๅ้ใจใฐใฃใใ่กใๅใฃใ
ใปใญใใฏใๅฝผๅฅณใจๆฐๆใกใๅใใๅใๅชๅใๅฟ
่ฆใ
ใปๅใณใๆฒใใฟใๅใๅใใฎใๆฌๅฝใฎๅ้ใ ใปPeople who rejoice and watch each other are true friends
ใปThey were arguing over the smallest things
ใปIn this family, parents and children talk a lot
ใปWe jointly contribute money to rent an apartment
ใปA man and a woman are hugging on a park bench
ใปThe kendoka struck each other
ใปThe children pushed each other
ใปHe tried to haggle with the shopkeeper to lower the price
ใปI first got to know him in New York
ใปThey grasped their friends' hands and rejoiced
ใปThe two of them sat facing each other
ใปMy house and my friend's house face each other
ใปI happened to run into an old friend
ใปYou need to try to understand each others feelings
ใปTrue friends share all of their joys and sorrows.iku/kurusequential
โญใVte + iku go after doing
โญใVte + kuru come back after doing
(โ) The agent does something in some point in time and moves from there
(โ) The agent goes and does something and then returns
ใปใใใงใ้ฃฏ้ฃในใฆใใ
ใปใณใณใใใง่ฒทใฃใฆใใใญ
ใปไธญๅฝใธ่กใๅใซไธญๅฝ่ชใๅๅผทใใฆใใใพใ
ใป็
้ขใธ่กใ้ไธญใงใใ่ฆ่ใใฎ่ฑใ่ฒทใฃใฆใใใพใ
ใปใ้ฃฏ้ฃในใฆใใ
ใป้ง
ใพใง้ฃในใฆใใ
ใปใใฃใใใใ่ถใฎๆ้ใงใใใใใใใกใใฃใจๆใๆดใฃใฆใใพใ
ใปใใฃใใณใผใใผใฎ่ฑใใชใใใกใใฃใจๅพ
ใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใใใใใ่ฟใใฎๅบใง่ฒทใฃใฆใใใพใใใใปI'm going to have dinner here and go
ใปI'll get some at the convenience store and go there
ใปI will study Chinese before I go to China
ใปOn the way to the hospital, I'll buy some flowers
ใปI'm gonna go get some food and will come back
ใปI ate my way to the station and came here
ใปWhat, is it time for tea already? I'm going to go wash my hands
ใปOh, I don't have any coffee beans. Please wait for a moment. I'll go buy some at a store nearbyใiku/kurusimulataneous
โญใVte + iku do go
โญใVte + kuru do come
(โ) Indicates a means or state of movement or that the agent is doing some action during the movement
ใปๆ้ใใชใใใใใฟใฏใทใผไนใฃใฆใใใพใ
ใป้ฃ่กๆฉใฎใชใใง็ ใฃใฆใใพใใ
ใปๆๆฅใฏใใๅผๅฝใๆใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใใ
ใปๆฅๆๆฅใซๅผใๅ็ฉๅใธ้ฃใใฆใใใพใใใปI don't have time, so I'll take a taxi
ใปI fell asleep on the plane
ใปTomorrow, please bring your lunch
ใปI took my brother to the zoo on Sundayiku/kurudirectional (movement)
โญใVte + iku go awayใปgo out/in
โญใVte + kuru come out/in
(โ) Gives directionality to verbs of movement and to verbs have the nuance of movement
(โ) Shows the proximity or estrangement toward or away from someone or something
ใป่ฝใกใฆใใ
ใป้ฃใใงใใกใใฃใ
ใป่ฝใกใฆใใฃใกใใฃใ
ใป่ถใ
ใ้ฃใใงใใ
ใปๆๆฅญใ็ตใใฃใฆใๅญฆ็ใใกใๆๅฎคใใๅบใฆใใพใ
ใปๆๆฅญใๅงใพใฃใฆใๅญฆ็ใใกใๆๅฎคใซๅ
ฅใฃใฆใใใพใ
ใปๆๆฅญใๅงใพใฃใฆใๅญฆ็ใใกใๆๅฎคใซๅ
ฅใฃใฆใใพใ
ใปๆๆฅญใ็ตใใฃใฆใๅญฆ็ใใกใๆๅฎคใใๅบใฆใใใพใใปIt's falling in
ใปIt just flew away
ใปIt just fell off
ใปA butterfly flew over me
ใปStudents are coming out of the classroom after class
ใปStudents enter the classroom at the beginning of class
ใปStudents come into the classroom at the beginning of class
ใปStudents are leaving the classroom at the end of the classiku/kurudirectional (change)
โญใVte + iku go (change)
โญใVte + kuru become (change)
(โ) Gives directional change to verbs and have the nuance of going up/down or become something
ใปN4ใซใชใใจๆผขๅญใใ ใใ ใๅคใใชใฃใฆใใใพใ
ใป่ฌใ้ฃฒใใ ใใ ใใ ใๅ
ทๅใ่ฏใใชใฃใฆใใใปWhen it comes to N4, the number of kanji will gradually increase
ใปI took some medicine and I'm feeling better and betteriku/kurudirectional (time)
โญใVte + iku (from here) to keep/continue
โญใVte + kuru (until now) to keep/continue
(โ) Expresses a continuation of some action from present to future
(โ) Expresses a continuation of some action from the past into the future
ใปไพๆใๅฎใฃใฆใใใพใใใ
ใปๅๅนด้ๆฅๆฌ่ชใๅๅผทใใฆใใพใใ
ใปๆฅๆฌไบบใฏๆผขๅญไฝฟใฃใฆใใ
ใปใใใใใใๆผขๅญใไฝฟใฃใฆใใใ ใใ
ใปไปๆฅใพใง1ไบบใง้ ๅผตใฃใฆใใพใใใใใใใใฏใใชใใจไธ็ทใซใชใใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใใใปLet's follow the example
ใปI've been studying Japanese for ten years
ใปThe Japanese have always used Kanji
ใปFrom now on, I will continue to use kanji
ใปI've been doing my best by myself until today. Let's do well with you from now oniku/kuruperceptional (change)
โญใVte + kuru started toใป(I'm/It's) getting
(โ) Indicates a beginning of a change perceive through senses
(โ) Indicates an appearance or a beginning of change
ใป้จใ้ใฃใฆใใ
ใปๆใใชใฃใฆใใ
ใปใ่
นใ็ฉบใใฆใใ
ใป้ ญใ็ใใชใฃใฆใใ
ใปๅทฆใซๆนใซๅฑฑใ่ฆใใฆใใใงใใใ
ใปๅฏใใจๆใฃใใใใปใใ้ชใ้ใฃใฆใใพใใใใปIt's starting to rain
ใปIt's getting dark
ใปI'm getting hungry
ใปMy head is starting to hurt
ใปYou will see a mountain to the left
ใปIf you think it's cold, look, it's snowing!