Introduction

Foreword

This is a collection of notes taken from different books and online reference materials related to Japanese learning. The aim of this collection is to give an idea on how start learning the language and to be able to progress at some level.


Disclaimer

In any doubts please do a cross-reference from other resources.


Version

Version ๐Ÿ†….1


Structure

Structure

Core

The Core elements of a sentence are the Main Carriage and Engine elements.

Initial carriage were introduced here as it sets the initial mood of the sentence which makes you sound more natural and not so boring. It also links up to the previous sentence or statement.

โ‘ ใ€€Initial Carriage

Provides initial or introductory information about the sentence
Includes the initial conjunctions, adverbial expressions, initial dependent clauses, etc

โ‘กใ€€Main Carriage

Describes the subject of the sentence
Provides supplementary details about the engine on what action it does or the current state it is in
Includes the subject, object, modifiers, adverbs, etc

โ‘ขใ€€Engine

The driving force of the sentence
It does tell the kind of sentence on whether it is a nominal, adjectival, or verbal sentence 
Includes either a verb, an adjective, a noun or noun phrase plus copula, auxiliaries, particles, etc

Elements

Engine

Verbs

A verb is a word that expresses the physical or mental activities carried out by the subject of a sentence.

Groups

GodanConsonant-Stem
In the dictionary form, Godan verbs may end with u,tsu,ru,mu,bu,nu,ku,gu,su.

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใƒปๅพ…ใคใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใƒป้Šใถใƒปๆญปใฌใƒปๆ›ธใใƒปๆณณใใƒป่ฉฑใ™
ใƒปbuyใƒปwaitใƒปknowใƒปreadใƒปplayใƒปdieใƒปwriteใƒปswimใƒปtalk

IchidanVowel-Stem
In the dictionary form, Ichidan verbs all ends with either eru or iru.

(โ–) eru

ใƒปใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใƒปๅ‡บใ‚‹ใƒปๆ™ดใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹
ใƒปto raiseใƒปto leaveใƒปto clear upใƒปto eat

(โ–) iru

ใƒปใใ‚‹ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใƒป่ฝใกใ‚‹ใƒปใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปto wearใƒปto seeใƒปto fallใƒปbe located

Irregular
There are only 2 irregular verbs in Japanese: suru(do), kuru(come).

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใƒปๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใƒป้›ป่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปto comeใƒปto studyใƒปto call

Types

TransitiveAction
Transitive verbs are verbs that take a direct object. They express what an agent does.

ใƒป็งใฏใ‚ˆใๆœฌใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒป็ˆถใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ปŠใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸ    
ใƒปI often borrow books
ใƒปMy father bought a new car

IntransitiveDescriptive
Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object.
They express events, movements or the spontaneous changes undergone by the subject.

ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ–ฐๅญฆๆœŸใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฐ้ขจใงๆœจใŒๅ€’ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปThe new semester started yesterday
ใƒปTrees fell because of the typhoon

Classification
Stative

Stative verbs
Describes the state of a person, animal or thing.

ใƒปใ„ใ‚‹ใƒปใ„ใ‚‹ใƒปใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒปใงใใ‚‹ใƒป้ฃฒใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปneedใƒปto exist/have (animate things)ใƒปto exist/have (inanimate things)ใƒปcan doใƒปcan drink (all potential verbs) 
ใƒปๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒป็งใฏๅฆนใŒใ„ใพใ™ 
ใƒปThere are swings in the park
ใƒปI have a younger sister

Active

ActiveใƒปDurativeใƒปContinual verbs
Expresses actions that a person, animal, organization, etc. performs. I takes some time or duration to complete the action.

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใƒป้ฃฒใ‚€ใƒปๆญฉใใƒป่ตฐใ‚‹ใƒป่ธŠใ‚‹
ใƒปๆญŒใ†ใƒปๆณณใใƒปใพใคใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใƒป่žใ
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใƒปๆ›ธใใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใƒปๆณฃใใƒปๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ใƒปไฝฟใ†ใƒปไฝœใ‚‹ใƒป็ฌ‘ใ†ใƒปไผ‘ใ‚€
ใƒป้ฃ›ใถใƒป่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใƒปไผšใ†ใƒปไฝใ‚€ใƒปๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปeatใƒปdrinkใƒปwalkใƒปrunใƒปdance
ใƒปsingใƒปswimใƒปwaitใƒปtalkใƒปhear
ใƒปreadใƒปwriteใƒปseeใƒปcryใƒปteach
ใƒปshowใƒปuseใƒปmakeใƒปlaughใƒปrest
ใƒปflyใƒปthinkใƒปmeetใƒปliveใƒปstudy
ใƒป็งใฏๆ™ฉใ”้ฃฏใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป็ŠฌใŒๅ ใˆใพใ—ใŸ    
ใƒปI ate dinner
ใƒปA dog barked

Stative-Active

Stative-Active verbs
Can be either a stative or active verb.

ใƒป่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใƒป่žใ“ใˆใ‚ใƒปๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใƒป้•ใ†ใƒปไผผๅˆใ†
ใƒปbe visibleใƒปbe audibleใƒปunderstandใƒปdifferใƒปbe suitable

Punctual

PunctualใƒปMomentary verbs
Are events that takes place in a moment.
(1) Transition from one state to another
(2) Start of action or motion from static state
(3) Arrival of completion

ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใƒปๆญปใฌใƒปๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใƒปๅ‡บใ‚‹ใƒปๅ’ฒใใƒป็ฉบใใƒป้–‹ใใƒป้–‰ใ˜ใ‚‹ใƒปๅฃŠใ‚Œใ‚‹ 
ใƒปๆ•ฃใ‚‹ใƒป็ซ‹ใคใƒป่ฝใกใ‚‹ใƒปๅ€’ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒป่กŒใใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใƒปๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใƒปไป˜ใ
ใƒป็€ใใƒปๅฑŠใใƒป่งฆใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒปๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒป็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒปๅบงใ‚‹ใƒปๆ‰“ใคใƒป่ทณใถใƒปๅฏใ‚‹
ใƒปๅ›ฐใ‚‹ใƒปไน—ใ‚‹ใƒปไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†ใƒป็–ฒใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒป่ตทใใ‚‹ใƒป็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅธฐใ‚‹ใƒป่จ€ใ†ใƒปๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒป่ฒธใ™ใƒปๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใ‚‹ใƒป่ฆšใˆใ‚‹ใƒปใชใ‚‹ใƒปใ‘ใ‚‹ใƒปๅˆใ†
ใƒปto realizeใƒปto dieใƒปto enterใƒปto goutใƒปto bloomใƒปto be vacantใƒปto openใƒปto closeใƒปto break apart
ใƒปto fall/scatterใƒปto stand upใƒปto fall (from height)ใƒปto fall over ใƒปto goใƒปto comeใƒปto beginใƒปto attach
ใƒปto arriveใƒปto reachใƒปto touchใƒปto stopใƒปto endใƒปto sitใƒปto hitใƒปto jumpใƒปto go to bed
ใƒปto get in troubleใƒปto get onใƒปto giveใƒปto receiveใƒปto get tiredใƒปto wake upใƒปto marry
ใƒปto go homeใƒปto sayใƒปto forgetใƒปto lendใƒปto borrowใƒปto rememberใƒปto becomeใƒปto kickใƒปto match

Non-Volitional

Non-Volitional verbs The outcome of the action is not controlled by the subject in any case.
In onset, development and outcome are out of the subjectยดs control.
Usually does not take the volitional form, the imperative and potential form.
(1) Emotive
(2) Non-Emotive

ใƒปๅ–œใถใƒปๆ‚ฒใ—ใ‚€ใƒปๆ€’ใ‚‹ใƒปๅซŒใ†ใƒปๅฅฝใ‚€ใƒปๅ›ฐใ‚‹ใƒป่‹ฆใ—ใ‚€
ใƒปใงใใ‚‹ใƒปใ„ใ‚‹ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใƒป่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใƒป่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใƒปๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใƒป้•ใ†ใƒปไผผๅˆใ†ใƒป็–ฒใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปbe pleasedใƒปbe sadใƒปbe angryใƒปhateใƒปlikeใƒปtroubleใƒปsuffer
ใƒปcan doใƒปneedใƒปto knowใƒปbe visibleใƒปbe audibleใƒปunderstandใƒปdifferใƒปsuitableใƒปget tired

Reciprocal

Reciprocal verbs
Takes the particle โ€œtoโ€ for the direct object.

ใƒป็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปๅ–งๅ˜ฉใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปไผšใ†ใƒปๅˆใ†ใƒปๆ‰“ใคใ‹ใ‚‹ใƒป็›ธ่ซ‡ใ™ใ‚‹    
ใƒปmarryใƒปfightใƒปmeetใƒปmatchใƒปbump intoใƒปconsult
ใƒป่ฆชๅ‹ใจ็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒป้ง…ๅ‰ใงๅ‹้”ใจๅพ…ใกๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปI'm marrying my best friend
ใƒปIโ€™ll meet my friends in front of the station

Movement

Movement verbs
Use particle ni to indicate the destination of the movement.
Use particle e to indicate the direction of the movement.
Can take Vmasu ni to express purpose.

ใƒป่กŒใใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใƒปๅธฐใ‚‹ใƒปๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใƒปๅ‡บใ‚‹ใƒป็ซ‹ใกๅฏ„ใ‚‹  
ใƒปgoใƒปcomeใƒปreturnใƒปenterใƒปget outใƒปstop by
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใซ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒป้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝใธ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใซ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปใ”้ฃฏใ‚’้ฃŸในใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใธ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใซๆฅใพใ™
ใƒปI'm going to Japan
ใƒปI'm going to Korea
ใƒปI'm going to Japan to study
ใƒปLet's go home for dinner
ใƒปI'm coming to Japan to teach English

Active-Punctual

Active-Punctual
Can be either be a active or punctual verb.

ใƒป็€ใ‚‹ใƒปๅ–ใ‚‹ใƒปๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒปๆณจๆ–‡ใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปwearใƒปtakeใƒปchangeใƒปorder

Etc

Vte + iru

Continuous-StateใƒปExisting-ConditionResultative

Describes the current state or condition of the subject due to consequence of past occurrence.

ใƒปใ„ใ„ๅคฉๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€‚็ฉบใŒๆ™ดใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅฆนใฏ็ตๅฉšใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™    
ใƒปใŠๅบ—ใŒ้–‹ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒใ—ใพใฃใฆใ„ใฆๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ„
ใƒปๆฐดๆงฝใฎ้ญšใŒๆญปใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปIt's a beautiful day. The sky is clear
ใƒปMy sister is married
ใƒปThe shop is open!
ใƒปThe door is locked and I can't get in
ใƒปThe fish in the tank is dead

Continuous-ActionProgressive

Describes the progressive action that is taking place.

ใƒปๅผŸใฏไปŠๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒป็งใฏไปŠ็ตตใ‚’ๆใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™    
ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅ9ๆ™‚ใ”ใ‚ใƒใƒผใง้…’ใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ‘ใ„ใŒๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฏใฏไปŠๅฐๆ‰€ใง้ฃŸไบ‹ใฎไป•ๅบฆใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™  
ใƒป็ˆถใฏ่ฒฟๆ˜“ไผš็คพใซๅ‹คใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ™ 
ใƒปMy brother is studying now.
ใƒปI'm painting now
ใƒปI was in a bar drinking yesterday around nine o'clock
ใƒปKei is reading a book
ใƒปMy mother is in the kitchen preparing a meal
ใƒปMy father works for a trading company

HabitualใƒปRoutineRepititive

Describes a habitual or repeated action.

ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅบ—ใงใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„้‡Ž่œใ‚’ๅฃฒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅผŸใฏไธญๅญฆใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™    
ใƒปใŠๅฎ…ใงใฏใฉใ‚“ใชๆ–ฐ่žใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๅฅๅบทใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆฏŽๆ—ฅไธ€ๆ™‚้–“ใใ‚‰ใ„ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปThat vegetable store sells fresh vegetables
ใƒปMy younger brother attends junior high school
ใƒปWhich newspaper do you read?
ใƒปI walk for about an hour every day to keep fit

Vte + aru

Existing-ConditionResultative

Describes the current condition of the subject due to consequence of past occurrence. Transitive verbs are being used in this case. Indicates that the past occurrence was done by someone and not by you.

ใƒปๆˆธใŒ้–‹ใ‘ใฆใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅ†ทใ‚„ใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปๅฃใซใ‚ซใƒฌใƒณใƒ€ใƒผใŒใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆ  
ใƒปๅ†ท่”ตๅบซใซๆ˜ผใ”ใฏใ‚“ใฏ็”จๆ„ใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใƒใƒณใ—ใฆ้ฃŸในใฆใญ
ใƒปThe door has been opened (by someone)
ใƒปThe beer is already chilled
ใƒปThe calendar has been changed on the wall
ใƒปThe lunch have been prepared in the fridge, so just chill and eat

Forms/Endings

Endings are added to the end of verbs to create special forms which gives more a specific meaning or function.

Table

Forms

(โ–) Vnai-Form (Negative Non Past Casual)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใชใ„
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใชใ„
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ๆฅใชใ„
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใชใ„

(โ–) Vnakatta-Form (Negative Past Casual)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ๆฅใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ

(โ–) Vmasu-Form (Non Past Polite)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ„ใพใ™
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใพใ™
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใพใ™
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใพใ™
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใพใ™

(โ–) Vmasen-Form (Negative Non Past Polite)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“

(โ–) Vmashita-Form (Past Polite)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ

(โ–) Vmasen-Form (Negative Non Past Polite)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ

(โ–) Vdict-Form (Dictionary Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ†
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ๆฅใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ™ใ‚‹

(โ–) Vte-Form (Te Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใฃใฆ
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฃใฆ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใฃใฆ
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ„ใง
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—ใฆ
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใ‚“ใง
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚“ใง
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใ‚“ใง
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใฆ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใฆ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใฆ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใฆ

(โ–) Vta-Form (Ta Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฃใŸ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็ŸฅใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ„ใŸ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ„ใ 
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใŸ

V1

Negative-Stem

(โ–) Godan Verb (Negative Stem)

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Negative Stem)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸใน
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Negative Stem)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ“
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—

Forms

(โ–) Vnai-Form (Negative Non Past) โšญ Vn + nai

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใชใ„
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใชใ„
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใชใ„
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใชใ„

(โ–) Vnakatta-Form (Negative Past) โšญ Vn + nakatta

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ

(โ–) More Endings/Forms


V1.1

Passive-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (PassiveใƒปReceptive Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใŸใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŒใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใชใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใพใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (PassiveใƒปReceptive Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (PassiveใƒปReceptive Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹

V1.2

Causative-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใŸใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŒใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใชใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใพใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใฐใ›ใ‚‹

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹

V1.3

Causative-Passive-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใŸใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŒใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใชใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใพใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใฐใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

V2

Noun-Stem

(โ–) Godan Verb (Noun Stem)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใก
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚Š
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŽ
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใซ
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใฟ
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใณ

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Noun Stem)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸใน
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Noun Stem)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—

Forms

(โ–) Vnagara-Form (Non Past) โšญ Vnn + nagara

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใชใŒใ‚‰
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใชใŒใ‚‰
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใชใŒใ‚‰
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰

(โ–) Vnikui-Form (Negative Non Past) โšญ Vnn + nikui

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใซใใ„
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใซใใ„
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใซใใ„
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใซใใ„
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใซใใ„

(โ–) Vsugiru-Form (Negative Non Past) โšญ Vnn + sugiru

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใ™ใŽใ‚‹
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ™ใŽใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ™ใŽใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ™ใŽใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใ™ใŽใ‚‹

(โ–) Vta-Form (Negative Non Past) โšญ Vnn + tai

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใŸใ„
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใŸใ„
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใŸใ„
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใŸใ„
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใŸใ„

(โ–) More Endings/Forms


V2.1

Masu-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Masu Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใกใพใ™
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใใพใ™
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŽใพใ™
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใซใพใ™
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใฟใพใ™
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใณใพใ™

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Masu Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใพใ™
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใพใ™

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Masu Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใพใ™
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใพใ™

Forms

(โ–) Vmashita-Form (Past) โšญ Vnn + mashita

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ

(โ–) Vnakatta-Form (Negative) โšญ Vnn + masen

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“

(โ–) Vnakatta-Form (Negative Past) โšญ Vnn + masen deshita

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ

V3

Dictionary-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Dictionary Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ†
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใค
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ™
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใฌ
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚€
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใถ

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Dictionary Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Dictionary Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ™ใ‚‹

(โ–) More Endings/Forms


V4.1

Command-Stem

(โ–) Godan Verb (Command Stem)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใˆ
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฆ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚Œ
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‘
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ’
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ›
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใญ
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใน

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Command Stem)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚Œ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚Œ

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Command Stem)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚Œ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ™ใ‚Œ

V4.2

Potential-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใˆใ‚‹
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฆใ‚‹
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‘ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ’ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใญใ‚‹
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šในใ‚‹

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใงใใ‚‹

V5

Volitional-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใŠใ†
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใŠใ†
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚ใ†
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ“ใ†
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ”ใ†
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใใ†
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใฎใ†
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚‚ใ†
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใผใ†

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚ˆใ†

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†

V6

Te-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Te Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใฃใฆ
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฃใฆ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใฃใฆ
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ„ใง
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—ใฆ
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใ‚“ใง
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚“ใง
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใ‚“ใง

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Te Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใฆ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใฆ

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Te Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใฆ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใฆ

V7

Ta-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Ta Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฃใŸ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็ŸฅใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ„ใŸ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ„ใ 
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใ‚“ใ 

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Ta Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใŸ

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Ta Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใŸ

Vcnd

Conditional-Form

โ‘ ใ€€toifใƒปwhen

โšญใ€€Vdict + to

  1. When the result of the condition can be predicted naturally
  2. When the result is known to happen customarily
  3. When the result occurs generally and repeatedly
ใƒปใพใฃใ™ใ่กŒใใจๅญฆๆ กใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆœ่ตทใใ‚‹ใจ้ก”ใ‚’ๆด—ใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅ†ฌใซใชใ‚‹ใจๅฏ’ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปIf you go straight, you will find a school
ใƒปWhen I wake up in the morning, I wash my face
ใƒปWhen winter comes, It gets cold

(โœ–๏ธŽ) It cannot be used if it includes speakers intention, judgment, permission, opinion, request and etc.

โ‘กใ€€taraifใƒปwhen

โšญใ€€Vta + ra

  1. When the result of the condition can be predicted naturally
  2. When the condition and result occurs only once
  3. When you express volition, requests, invitations, make suggestions
  4. When you express hypothetical conditions
ใƒปใพใฃใ™ใ่กŒใฃใŸใ‚‰ๅญฆๆ กใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใŸใ‚‰ๅฎถใซใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๆš‡ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰ๅฑฑใธ่กŒใใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปไฝ•ใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰้ฃŸในใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใซใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†
ใƒปIf you go straight, there is a school
ใƒปIf it rains tomorrow, I'll stay home
ใƒปWhen I'm free, I want to go to the mountains
ใƒปWhat should I buy?
ใƒปYou can try it if you want
ใƒปHow about a cup of coffee?

(โœ–๏ธŽ) It cannot be used if it is not chronological order

โ‘ขใ€€baifใƒปwhen

โšญใ€€Vcmd-stem + ba

  1. When the result of the condition can be predicted naturally
  2. When the result occurs generally and repeatedly
  3. When you express universal truth and customs
  4. When you express to do something (should/wish)
  5. When you are seeking advice (how to/when to/where to/whom/what to)
ใƒปใพใฃใ™ใ่กŒใ‘ใฐๅญฆๆ กใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๅ†ฌใซใชใ‚Œใฐๅฏ’ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆๆณจๆ–‡ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใ„ใค็”ณใ—่พผใ‚ใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒป่ชฐใซ่žใ‘ใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใ„ใใ‚‰ๆ‰•ใˆใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปไฝ•ๆ™‚ใซๆฅใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๆ–ฐๅฎฟใธใฉใ†่กŒใ‘ใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปIf you go straight, there is a school
ใƒปWhen winter comes, it gets cold
ใƒปIf I study more, my Japanese will improve
ใƒปI should have studied harder
ใƒปHow do I place an order?
ใƒปWhen do I need to apply?
ใƒปWho should I ask?
ใƒปHow much do I have to pay?
ใƒปWhat time should I come?
ใƒปHow can I get to Shinjuku?

(โœ–๏ธŽ) It cannot be used if S2 includes something negative (S2 is usually a positive outcome)

โ‘ฃใ€€nara

โšญใ€€Vdict + naraifใƒปif it is the case

  1. When you express advice, requests, invitations
  2. When you express S1->S2, or S2->S1
  3. When you include what the other person said or thoughts is confirmed and used as condition
ใƒป้ ญใŒ็—›ใ„ใชใ‚‰ๅฏใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใŠ้…’ใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใชใ‚‰้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใŒ่กŒใใชใ‚‰็งใ‚‚่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใซ่กŒใใชใ‚‰ใŠใ‚„ใค่ฒทใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹
ใƒปIf your head hurts, you'd better get some sleep
ใƒปI don't drive if I'm going to drink
ใƒปIf Mr. Tanaka is going, I'm going too
ใƒปIf you're going to the convenience store, could you please buy me a snack?

(โœ–๏ธŽ) It cannot be used if the results mere fact which occurs naturally


Compound Verbs

A compound verb is a verb that consists of two verbs creating a specific meaning.
Forms: (G1) Vmasu + V, (G2) Vte + V, (G3) prefix + V, (G4) V(regarded as one word)

komu

komuinใƒปintoใƒปdeeply

โšญใ€€Vmasu + komu

(โ–) Creates an inward direction or

(โ–) An action takes place deep in something or someone

ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„็”ทใŒ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใงใใŸ
ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏ้ขจ้‚ชใงๅฏ่พผใ‚“ใงใ—ใพใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใฏ่ฝใจใ—็ฉดใซ่ฝใก่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปๅฝผใฏใƒ—ใƒผใƒซใซ้ฃ›ใณ่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆด—ๆฟฏ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅฎถใฎไธญใซๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใ  
ใƒปๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ณใƒณใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๅž‹ใซๆตใ—่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป้›ช่งฃใ‘ๆฐดใŒๅฑฑใ‹ใ‚‰ๅทใซๆตใ‚Œ่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป้…ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸไน—ๅฎขใŒๆฉŸๅ†…ใซ่ตฐใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใงๆฅใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใฏๅผพใ่พผใ‚ใฐๅผพใ่พผใ‚€ใปใฉ่‰ฏใ„้Ÿณใซใชใ‚‹
ใƒป้›ป่ปŠใฎไธญใงๅ‹้”ใจ่ฉฑใ—่พผใ‚“ใงใ€้ง…ใ‚’ไน—ใ‚Š้Žใ”ใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸ
ใƒปใƒฏใƒ‹ใฏไบบใ‚’ๅทใฎไธญใซๅผ•ใใšใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป็ช“ใŒ้–‹ใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปๅฝผใฏใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ้ดใ‚’็ฃจใ่พผใ‚“ใงใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ซใƒ”ใ‚ซใซใ—ใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏใƒžใƒ‹ใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใ‚’ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚่ชญใฟ่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปใ‚ชใƒชใƒณใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅ‰ใซใ€้ธๆ‰‹ใŸใกใฏๆณณใŽ่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปA stranger came into the room
ใƒปYesterday I was completly put into sleep due to colds
ใƒปHe fell into the hole
ใƒปHe jumped into the pool
ใƒปShe brought her laundry back into the house
ใƒปThey poured the concrete into the mold
ใƒปThe newly-melted slush flowed into the river from the mountain
ใƒปA delayed passenger came running into the cabin
ใƒปA guitar's sound gets better the more you play it
ใƒปI was talking with my friends on the train and missed the station
ใƒปThe crocodile dragged the man into the river
ใƒปThe window was open, and the rain poured in
ใƒปHe polished his shoes, making them shine
ใƒปI read the manual over and over
ใƒปThe swimmers drilled themselves in swimming ahead of the Olympics

ageru

agerudoing something for someoneใƒปcompletionใƒปraising upใƒปgoing up

โšญใ€€Vte + ageru doing something for someone

(โ–) Someone gives an action as a favor to someone not within the group

(โ–) The status of giver and receiver is about equal

ใƒป้ดใ‚’ใฏใ‹ใ›ใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒป็งใฏใชใŠใฟใ•ใ‚“ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸ
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นใ•ใ‚“ใซๆœฌใ‚’่ฒธใ—ใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸ
ใƒปLet me help you get your shoes on
ใƒปI taught Naomi some English
ใƒปMr. Tanaka lent Mr. Smith a book

โšญใ€€Vmasu + agerucompletion

(โ–) Indicates completion

ใƒป่ซ–ๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ‹ใไธŠใ’ใŸใ‚‰ใ€้€ฃ็ตกใ—ใพใ™
ใƒป็งใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๆด—ๆฟฏ็‰ฉใ‚’ๆด—ใ„ไธŠใ’ใŸ
ใƒปๆ–™็†ไบบใฏ้‡Ž่œใ‚’็‚’ใ‚ไธŠใ’ใŸ
ใƒปI'll let you know when I've finished my paper
ใƒปI washed up a lot of laundry
ใƒปThe cook finished stir-frying the vegetables

โšญใ€€Vmasu + ageruraising upใƒปgoing up

(โ–) Indicates something raising up or going up

ใƒปๆถˆ่ฒปใฎๆ‹กๅคงใฏ็ตŒๆธˆๆˆ้•ทใ‚’ไธŠๆ–นๅ‘ใซๆŠผใ—ไธŠใ’ใ‚‹
ใƒป็”ทใฏใ€่ฟ‘ใใซใ‚ใฃใŸๅคงใใชๅฒฉใ‚’ๆŠฑใˆไธŠใ’ใ€ๆŠ•ใ’้ฃ›ใฐใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅคงใใช้ญšใ‚’้‡ฃใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใŸ
ใƒปAn increase in consumption will push economic growth upward
ใƒปThe man lifted up a nearby boulder and hurled it
ใƒปShe reeled in a big fish

au

audo something togetherใƒปdo something to each other

โšญใ€€Vmasu + au

(โ–) To do something mutually together

ใƒปๅ–œใณๅˆใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบบใ€็›ฃ่ฆ–ใฟใ‚ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบบใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎๅ‹้”ใ 
ใƒปไบŒไบบใฏๅฐใ•ใชใ“ใจใง่จ€ใ„ๅˆใฃใฆใ„ใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅฎถๅบญใงใฏไธก่ฆชใจๅญไพ›ใŒใ‚ˆใ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใ†
ใƒปๅƒ•ใŸใกใฏใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ๅˆใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒป็”ทๅฅณใŒๅ…ฌๅœ’ใฎ ใƒ™ใƒณใƒใงๆŠฑใๅˆใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅ‰ฃๅฃซใฏไบ’ใ„ใซๆ‰“ใกๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏๆŠผใ—ๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใฏๅบ—ๅ“กใซๅ€คๅผ•ใใ‚’ๆŽ›ใ‘ๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒจใƒผใ‚ฏใงๅฝผใจ็Ÿฅใ‚ŠๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹้”ใจๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅˆใฃใฆๅ–œใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปไบŒไบบใฏๅ‘ใ‹ใ„ๅˆใฃใฆๅบงใฃใŸ
ใƒป็งใฎๅฎถใฏๅ‹้”ใฎๅฎถใจๅ‘ใ‹ใ„ๅˆใฃใฆๅปบใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒป็งใฏๆ˜”ใฎๅ‹้”ใจใฐใฃใŸใ‚Š่กŒใๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ญใƒŸใฏใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใจๆฐ—ๆŒใกใ‚’ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šๅˆใ†ๅŠชๅŠ›ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ 
ใƒปๅ–œใณใ‚‚ๆ‚ฒใ—ใฟใ‚‚ๅˆ†ใ‘ๅˆใ†ใฎใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎๅ‹้”ใ 
ใƒปPeople who rejoice and watch each other are true friends
ใƒปThey were arguing over the smallest things
ใƒปIn this family, parents and children talk a lot
ใƒปWe jointly contribute money to rent an apartment
ใƒปA man and a woman are hugging on a park bench
ใƒปThe kendoka struck each other
ใƒปThe children pushed each other
ใƒปHe tried to haggle with the shopkeeper to lower the price
ใƒปI first got to know him in New York
ใƒปThey grasped their friends' hands and rejoiced
ใƒปThe two of them sat facing each other
ใƒปMy house and my friend's house face each other
ใƒปI happened to run into an old friend
ใƒปYou need to try to understand each others feelings
ใƒปTrue friends share all of their joys and sorrows.

iku/kuru

iku/kurusequential

โšญใ€€Vte + iku go after doing

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru come back after doing

(โ–) The agent does something in some point in time and moves from there

(โ–) The agent goes and does something and then returns

ใƒปใ“ใ“ใงใ”้ฃฏ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใ
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใง่ฒทใฃใฆใ„ใใญ
ใƒปไธญๅ›ฝใธ่กŒใๅ‰ใซไธญๅ›ฝ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
ใƒป็—…้™ขใธ่กŒใ้€”ไธญใงใ€ใŠ่ฆ‹่ˆžใ„ใฎ่Šฑใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™    
ใƒปใ”้ฃฏ้ฃŸในใฆใใ‚‹
ใƒป้ง…ใพใง้ฃŸในใฆใใŸ
ใƒปใˆใฃใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ใŠ่Œถใฎๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๆด—ใฃใฆใใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใฃใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฎ่ฑ†ใŒใชใ„ใ€‚ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ™ใ่ฟ‘ใใฎๅบ—ใง่ฒทใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
ใƒปI'm going to have dinner here and go
ใƒปI'll get some at the convenience store and go there
ใƒปI will study Chinese before I go to China
ใƒปOn the way to the hospital, I'll buy some flowers
ใƒปI'm gonna go get some food and will come back
ใƒปI ate my way to the station and came here
ใƒปWhat, is it time for tea already? I'm going to go wash my hands
ใƒปOh, I don't have any coffee beans. Please wait for a moment. I'll go buy some at a store nearbyใ„

iku/kurusimulataneous

โšญใ€€Vte + iku do go

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru do come

(โ–) Indicates a means or state of movement or that the agent is doing some action during the movement

ใƒปๆ™‚้–“ใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผไน—ใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™
ใƒป้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฎใชใ‹ใง็œ ใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏใ€ใŠๅผๅฝ“ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๅผŸใ‚’ๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใธ้€ฃใ‚Œใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปI don't have time, so I'll take a taxi
ใƒปI fell asleep on the plane
ใƒปTomorrow, please bring your lunch
ใƒปI took my brother to the zoo on Sunday

iku/kurudirectional (movement)

โšญใ€€Vte + iku go awayใƒปgo out/in

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru come out/in

(โ–) Gives directionality to verbs of movement and to verbs have the nuance of movement

(โ–) Shows the proximity or estrangement toward or away from someone or something

ใƒป่ฝใกใฆใใŸ
ใƒป้ฃ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸ
ใƒป่ฝใกใฆใ„ใฃใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸ
ใƒป่ถใ€…ใŒ้ฃ›ใ‚“ใงใใŸ
ใƒปๆŽˆๆฅญใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใŒๆ•™ๅฎคใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใฆใใพใ™
ใƒปๆŽˆๆฅญใŒๅง‹ใพใฃใฆใ€ๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใŒๆ•™ๅฎคใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™
ใƒปๆŽˆๆฅญใŒๅง‹ใพใฃใฆใ€ๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใŒๆ•™ๅฎคใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใใพใ™
ใƒปๆŽˆๆฅญใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใŒๆ•™ๅฎคใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใฆใ„ใใพใ™
ใƒปIt's falling in
ใƒปIt just flew away
ใƒปIt just fell off
ใƒปA butterfly flew over me
ใƒปStudents are coming out of the classroom after class
ใƒปStudents enter the classroom at the beginning of class
ใƒปStudents come into the classroom at the beginning of class
ใƒปStudents are leaving the classroom at the end of the class

iku/kurudirectional (change)

โšญใ€€Vte + iku go (change)

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru become (change)

(โ–) Gives directional change to verbs and have the nuance of going up/down or become something

ใƒปN4ใซใชใ‚‹ใจๆผขๅญ—ใŒใ ใ‚“ใ ใ‚“ๅคšใใชใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™
ใƒป่–ฌใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใ‚‰ใ ใ‚“ใ ใ‚“ๅ…ทๅˆใŒ่‰ฏใใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปWhen it comes to N4, the number of kanji will gradually increase
ใƒปI took some medicine and I'm feeling better and better

iku/kurudirectional (time)

โšญใ€€Vte + iku (from here) to keep/continue

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru (until now) to keep/continue

(โ–) Expresses a continuation of some action from present to future

(โ–) Expresses a continuation of some action from the past into the future

ใƒปไพ‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅฎˆใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปๅๅนด้–“ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใฏๆผขๅญ—ไฝฟใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใ€ๆผขๅญ—ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใพใง1ไบบใง้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใจไธ€็ท’ใซใชใ‹ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปLet's follow the example
ใƒปI've been studying Japanese for ten years
ใƒปThe Japanese have always used Kanji
ใƒปFrom now on, I will continue to use kanji
ใƒปI've been doing my best by myself until today. Let's do well with you from now on

iku/kuruperceptional (change)

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru started toใƒป(I'm/It's) getting

(โ–) Indicates a beginning of a change perceive through senses

(โ–) Indicates an appearance or a beginning of change

ใƒป้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปๆš—ใใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปใŠ่…นใŒ็ฉบใ„ใฆใใŸ
ใƒป้ ญใŒ็—›ใใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปๅทฆใซๆ–นใซๅฑฑใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใฆใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปๅฏ’ใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใปใ‚‰ใ€้›ชใŒ้™ใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ‚ˆ
ใƒปIt's starting to rain
ใƒปIt's getting dark
ใƒปI'm getting hungry
ใƒปMy head is starting to hurt
ใƒปYou will see a mountain to the left
ใƒปIf you think it's cold, look, it's snowing!

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08


09


10


11


12


13


14


15


Sentences

01


02


02


03


04


05


Grammar

Verb

01


02


03


04


05


06


07


07


09


10


All

Beginner

01


02


03


04


05


06


07


08


09


10


Intermediate


Advance


Kanji

Random

01


02


03


04


05


06


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